Hipoteza handicapu samice wybierają do rozrodu partnerów, którzy posiadają cechy wyróżniające się, ale upośledzające zdolność do ucieczki przed drapieżnikiem. Np. kolorowy. duży ogon u pawia jest

","stylesheet","\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cD7::before {\n padding: 0.491em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\D7\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2219::before {\n padding: 0.444em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2219\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cA0::before {\n padding: 0 0.25em 0 0;\n content: \"\\A0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D465.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.572em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"x\";\n}\n\nmjx-mfenced {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221A::before {\n padding: 0.8em 0.853em 0.2em 0;\n content: \"\\221A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2212::before {\n padding: 0.583em 0.778em 0.082em 0;\n content: \"\\2212\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.597em 0.649em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.597em 0.649em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221A.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 1.02em 0.35em 0;\n content: \"\\221A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.389em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.389em 0.25em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3A::before {\n padding: 0.43em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \":\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2B::before {\n padding: 0.583em 0.778em 0.082em 0;\n content: \"+\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c37::before {\n padding: 0.676em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"7\";\n}\n\nmjx-mspace {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-munderover {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-munderover:not([limits=\"false\"]) {\n padding-top: .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-munderover:not([limits=\"false\"]) > * {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-msubsup {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-script {\n display: inline-block;\n padding-right: .05em;\n padding-left: .033em;\n}\n\nmjx-script > mjx-spacer {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c33::before {\n padding: 0.665em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"3\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c35::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"5\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2192::before {\n padding: 0.511em 1em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\2192\";\n}\n\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"] {\n line-height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"1\"] {\n margin-left: .111em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"2\"] {\n margin-left: .167em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"3\"] {\n margin-left: .222em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"4\"] {\n margin-left: .278em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"5\"] {\n margin-left: .333em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"1\"] {\n margin-right: .111em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"2\"] {\n margin-right: .167em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"3\"] {\n margin-right: .222em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"4\"] {\n margin-right: .278em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"5\"] {\n margin-right: .333em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"s\"] {\n font-size: 70.7%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"ss\"] {\n font-size: 50%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"Tn\"] {\n font-size: 60%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"sm\"] {\n font-size: 85%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"lg\"] {\n font-size: 120%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"Lg\"] {\n font-size: 144%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"LG\"] {\n font-size: 173%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"hg\"] {\n font-size: 207%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"HG\"] {\n font-size: 249%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [width=\"full\"] {\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-box {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-block {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-itable {\n display: inline-table;\n}\n\nmjx-row {\n display: table-row;\n}\n\nmjx-row > * {\n display: table-cell;\n}\n\nmjx-mtext {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-mstyle {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-merror {\n display: inline-block;\n color: red;\n background-color: yellow;\n}\n\nmjx-mphantom {\n visibility: hidden;\n}\n\n_::-webkit-full-page-media, _:future, :root mjx-container {\n will-change: opacity;\n}\n\nmjx-math {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n line-height: 0;\n text-indent: 0;\n font-style: normal;\n font-weight: normal;\n font-size: 100%;\n font-size-adjust: none;\n letter-spacing: normal;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n word-wrap: normal;\n word-spacing: normal;\n white-space: nowrap;\n direction: ltr;\n padding: 1px 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"] {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n margin: 1em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"][width=\"full\"] {\n display: flex;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"] mjx-math {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][justify=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][justify=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-semantics {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mi {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-utext {\n display: inline-block;\n padding: .75em 0 .2em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mrow {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mo {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h {\n display: inline-table;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * {\n display: table-cell;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * > mjx-c {\n display: inline-block;\n transform: scalex(1.0000001);\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * > mjx-c::before {\n display: inline-block;\n width: initial;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext {\n /* IE */ overflow: hidden;\n /* others */ overflow: clip visible;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext > mjx-c::before {\n transform: scalex(500);\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext > mjx-c {\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-beg > mjx-c {\n margin-right: -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-end > mjx-c {\n margin-left: -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > * {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-beg {\n height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-end > mjx-c {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > * > mjx-c {\n transform: scaley(1.0000001);\n transform-origin: left center;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext {\n display: block;\n height: 100%;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n border: 0px solid transparent;\n /* IE */ overflow: hidden;\n /* others */ overflow: visible clip;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext > mjx-c::before {\n width: initial;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext > mjx-c {\n transform: scaleY(500) translateY(.075em);\n overflow: visible;\n}\n\nmjx-mark {\n display: inline-block;\n height: 0px;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-frac {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: 0.17em;\n padding: 0 .22em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[type=\"d\"] {\n vertical-align: .04em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[delims] {\n padding: 0 .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[atop] {\n padding: 0 .12em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[atop][delims] {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-dtable {\n display: inline-table;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-dtable > * {\n font-size: 2000%;\n}\n\nmjx-dbox {\n display: block;\n font-size: 5%;\n}\n\nmjx-num {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\nmjx-den {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac[bevelled] > mjx-num {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac[bevelled] > mjx-den {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-den[align=\"right\"], mjx-num[align=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-den[align=\"left\"], mjx-num[align=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-nstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: .054em;\n width: 0;\n vertical-align: -.054em;\n}\n\nmjx-nstrut[type=\"d\"] {\n height: .217em;\n vertical-align: -.217em;\n}\n\nmjx-dstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: .505em;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-dstrut[type=\"d\"] {\n height: .726em;\n}\n\nmjx-line {\n display: block;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n min-height: 1px;\n height: .06em;\n border-top: .06em solid;\n margin: .06em -.1em;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\nmjx-line[type=\"d\"] {\n margin: .18em -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-mn {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-msqrt {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-root {\n display: inline-block;\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n\nmjx-surd {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt {\n display: inline-block;\n padding-top: .07em;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt > mjx-box {\n border-top: .07em solid;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt.mjx-tall > mjx-box {\n padding-left: .3em;\n margin-left: -.3em;\n}\n\nmjx-msup {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-msub {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c::before {\n display: block;\n width: 0;\n}\n\n.MJX-TEX {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX;\n}\n\n.TEX-B {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-B;\n}\n\n.TEX-I {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-I;\n}\n\n.TEX-MI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-MI;\n}\n\n.TEX-BI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-BI;\n}\n\n.TEX-S1 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S1;\n}\n\n.TEX-S2 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S2;\n}\n\n.TEX-S3 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S3;\n}\n\n.TEX-S4 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S4;\n}\n\n.TEX-A {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-A;\n}\n\n.TEX-C {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-C;\n}\n\n.TEX-CB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-CB;\n}\n\n.TEX-FR {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-FR;\n}\n\n.TEX-FRB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-FRB;\n}\n\n.TEX-SS {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SS;\n}\n\n.TEX-SSB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SSB;\n}\n\n.TEX-SSI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SSI;\n}\n\n.TEX-SC {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SC;\n}\n\n.TEX-T {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-T;\n}\n\n.TEX-V {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-V;\n}\n\n.TEX-VB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-VB;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v mjx-c, mjx-stretchy-h mjx-c {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S1, MJXTEX-S4, MJXTEX, MJXTEX-A ! important;\n}\n\n@font-face /* 0 */ {\n font-family: MJXZERO;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Zero.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 1 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 2 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-B;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 3 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-I;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Math-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 4 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-MI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 5 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-BI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Math-BoldItalic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 6 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S1;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size1-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 7 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S2;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size2-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 8 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S3;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size3-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 9 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S4;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size4-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 10 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-A;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_AMS-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 11 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-C;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Calligraphic-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 12 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-CB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Calligraphic-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 13 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-FR;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Fraktur-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 14 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-FRB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Fraktur-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 15 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SS;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 16 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SSB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 17 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SSI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 18 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SC;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Script-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 19 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-T;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Typewriter-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 20 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-V;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Vector-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 21 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-VB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Vector-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D447.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.677em 0.704em 0 0;\n content: \"T\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D453.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.55em 0.205em 0;\n content: \"f\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c48::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"H\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7A::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.444em 0 0;\n content: \"z\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3D::before {\n padding: 0.583em 0.778em 0.082em 0;\n content: \"=\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c31::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"1\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c32::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"2\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D70B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.57em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\3C0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221A.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 1.02em 0.65em 0;\n content: \"\\221A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D459.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.298em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"l\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D454.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.477em 0.205em 0;\n content: \"g\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c36::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"6\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c63::before {\n padding: 0.448em 0.444em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"c\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6D::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.833em 0 0;\n content: \"m\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c39::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"9\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2C::before {\n padding: 0.121em 0.278em 0.194em 0;\n content: \",\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c38::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"8\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45A.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.878em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"m\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D460.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.469em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"s\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c30::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2248::before {\n padding: 0.483em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2248\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c34::before {\n padding: 0.677em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"4\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cB7::before {\n padding: 0.31em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"\\22C5\";\n}\n","actionData","errors"]

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