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Biologia na czasie 3. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony to nieodzowny zeszyt ćwiczeń wydawnictwa Nowa Era, przeznaczony dla uczniów szkół ponadpodstawowych, a mianowicie liceum klasy 3 oraz technikum klasy 3. Ta publikacja wspiera naukę biologii na poziomie rozszerzonym, przynosząc wiele korzyści w przygotowaniach do matury. Na początku książki znajdziemy spis treści, który obejmuje m.in. tematy dotyczące organizmu człowieka jako funkcjonalnej całości, układu powłokowego, ruchu, układu pokarmowego, oddechowego, krążenia, nerwowego, hormonalnego, oraz wielu innych. Maturalne karty pracy zawierają zadania praktyczne oraz wskazówki do ich rozwiązywania, co stanowi znakomite uzupełnienie wiedzy zdobywanej podczas lekcji. Dodatkowo, część \"To było na maturze!\" pozwala uczniom prześledzić przykłady pytań maturalnych, co znacząco ułatwia przygotowanie do egzaminu. Jeśli potrzebujesz wsparcia, skorzystaj z odpowiedzi do zeszyt ćwiczeń oraz materiałów: odpowiedzi do podręcznika Biologia na czasie 3. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony i \"PDF z odpowiedziami\". Pamiętajmy, że poszanowanie praw autorskich to klucz do legalnego użytkowania materiałów edukacyjnych.

","longDescription","

Biologia na czasie 3. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony, zeszyt ćwiczeń opracowany przez wydawnictwo Nowa Era, stanowi nieodzowne narzędzie dla uczniów trzeciej klasy liceum i technikum, którzy realizują rozszerzony zakres biologii. Ta publikacja została stworzona z myślą o efektywnym przygotowaniu do matury oraz zrozumieniu złożonych biologicznych zagadnień.

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Już od pierwszych stron Biologia na czasie 3 wprowadza uczniów w fascynujący świat ludzkiego organizmu. Pierwsze rozdziały podręcznika koncentrują się na zrozumieniu człowieka jako skomplikowanej całości biologicznej. Tematy takie jak 'Miejsce człowieka w systemie klasyfikacji organizmów' czy 'Hierarchiczna budowa organizmu człowieka' stanowią solidną podstawę wiedzy, pomagając wyjaśnić zawiłości homeostazy oraz jej znaczenia w codziennym funkcjonowaniu.

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W dalszych częściach książki pojawia się szczegółowy opis układów ciała ludzkiego, począwszy od układu powłokowego, gdzie omówione są aspekty takie jak budowa i funkcje skóry. Publikacja szczegółowo wyjaśnia również zasady higieny oraz najczęstsze choroby skórne, co jest niezwykle istotne nie tylko w kontekście teoretycznym, ale i praktycznym. Kolejne rozdziały zagłębiają się w układ ruchu, omawiając jego budowę, funkcje oraz higienę, a także choroby, które mogą go dotknąć.

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Układ pokarmowy to kolejny istotny temat omawiany w książce. Zawarte w nim informacje odnośnie odżywiania, roli witamin i procesów trawienia pozwalają uczniom nie tylko zrozumieć zasady racjonalnego odżywiania, ale również dostrzec konsekwencje jego zaburzeń. Autorzy nie pomijają również chorób układu pokarmowego, co umożliwia kompleksowe spojrzenie na ten temat.

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Książka jest również nieocenioną pomocą dla tych, którzy chcieliby pogłębić swoją wiedzę o układzie krwionośnym i odpornościowym. Omawia szczegółowo skład i funkcje krwi, mechanizmy krążenia oraz funkcjonowanie układu limfatycznego, analizując jednocześnie choroby, które mogą dotykać tych mechanizmów. Wspomniane są także typy odporności i potencjalne dysfunkcje układu odpornościowego.

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Dzięki PDF z odpowiedziami do książki Biologia na czasie 3, uczniowie mają możliwość bieżącego sprawdzania swoich odpowiedzi i analizowania błędów, co znacznie przyspiesza proces nauki i przyswajania materiału. Zestaw maturalnych zadań oraz zamieszczone odpowiedzi są nieocenionym narzędziem w przygotowaniach do egzaminów końcowych. Serwis gotowiec.pl oferuje odpowiedzi do zeszytu ćwiczeń, co jest ogromnym wsparciem dla tych, którzy chcą mieć pewność, że poprawnie rozwiązali każde zadanie.

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Dzięki tej książce, uczniowie będą mogli nie tylko zdać maturę z biologii, ale przede wszystkim zrozumieć i polubić ten przedmiot, co zaowocuje lepszymi wynikami i głębszym zainteresowaniem naukami przyrodniczymi. Odrobione zadania do podręcznika Biologia na czasie 3 i gotowe odpowiedzi dostępne na gotowiec.pl to gwarancja sukcesu i pewność, że nauka jest nie tylko skuteczna, ale i przyjemna.

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11. ,,Naukowcy z Uniwersytetu Columbia (USA) dowiedli, że smak jest zmysłem niezależnym od doświadczenia i całkowicie zakorzenionym w mózgu. Badacze wykazali, iż możliwe jest włączanie i wyłączanie percepcji smaku gorzkiego i słodkiego na zawołanie, i nie zależy to od aktywności kubków smakowych na języku. [...] Skupili się na percepcji smaku gorzkiego i słodkie- go, ponieważ są to dwa smaki najlepiej rozpoznawane przez człowieka i zwierzęta - smak słodki stanowi informację o źródle energii [...]. W pierwszym eksperymencie badacze wyciszali aktywność neuronów odpowiedzialnych za odczuwanie poszczególnych smaków. Zaobserwowali, że myszy z wyłączoną funkcją wykrywania słodyczy nie odczuwały smaku słodkiego, lecz nadal odczuwały smak gorzki i odwrotnie - myszy z wyłączoną funkcją wykrywania smaku gorzkiego nie rozpoznawały goryczy, ale nie miały problemu ze zidentyfikowaniem słodkości. W kolejnym eksperymencie naukowcy aktywowali określone grupy komórek nerwowych. To sprawiło, że myszy pijące zwykłą, neutralną wodę zachowywały się tak, jakby - w zależności od sytuacji - piły coś słodkiego - zaczynały wtedy z zapałem lizać ciecz - lub gorzkiego - ograniczały lizanie i zaczynały się krztusić\". Źródło: https://naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C407500%2Csmak-jest-gleboko- zakorzeniony-w-mozgu.html (dostęp: 4.05.2021). Zadanie 11.1. (0-1) Podaj nazwę","answers",[1299,1303,1305],{"_280":1300,"_1301":1302},1,"access","premium",{"_280":281,"_1301":1304},"all",{"_280":1306,"_1301":1307},3,"logged_in","routes/$subjectSlug.$bookSlug.$pageNumber",{},"routes/$subjectSlug.$bookSlug.$pageNumber.$solutionSlug",{"_1291":1312},{"_1293":1294,"_55":313,"_263":313,"_1295":1296,"_1297":1313},[1314,1315,1316],{"_280":1300,"_1301":1302},{"_280":281,"_1301":1304},{"_280":1306,"_1301":1307},"routes/$subjectSlug.$bookSlug.$pageNumber.$solutionSlug.$answerPosition",{"_1319":1320,"_1321":1322,"_1326":1327},"comments",[],"visit",{"_13":1323,"_15":1324,"_1325":39},"94db881d-d94e-4ff5-a366-b60f169d5dee","rUIEBB6W70uhxr7hNe6PIQ","visibleReCaptcha","excerpt",{"_1328":1329,"_1330":1331},"content","

11.1.

\r\n\r\n

Właściwy narząd smaku nosi nazwę kubków smakowych. Zbiorowiska receptorów smaku zlokalizowane są w różnych miejscach jamy ustnej np. na języku i podniebieniu.

\r\n\r\n

11.2.

\r\n\r\n

Hipoteza badawcza jest wstępnym

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0;\n content: \"\\2229\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c222A::before {\n padding: 0.598em 0.667em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"\\222A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c25.TEX-MI::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.847em 0.056em 0;\n content: \"%\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2223::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.249em 0;\n content: \"\\2223\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5A::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.611em 0 0;\n content: \"Z\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c57::before {\n padding: 0.683em 1.028em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"W\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2264::before {\n padding: 0.636em 0.778em 0.138em 0;\n content: \"\\2264\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2265::before {\n padding: 0.636em 0.778em 0.138em 0;\n content: \"\\2265\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2260::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.778em 0.215em 0;\n content: \"\\2260\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2208::before {\n padding: 0.54em 0.667em 0.04em 0;\n content: \"\\2208\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2102.TEX-A::before {\n padding: 0.702em 0.722em 0.019em 0;\n content: \"C\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-mover {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mover:not([limits=\"false\"]) {\n padding-top: .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-mover:not([limits=\"false\"]) > * {\n display: block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c21C4.TEX-A::before {\n padding: 0.667em 1em 0 0;\n content: \"\\21C4\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S3::before {\n padding: 1.45em 0.736em 0.949em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S3::before {\n padding: 1.45em 0.736em 0.949em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D461.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.626em 0.361em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"t\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3F::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.472em 0 0;\n content: \"?\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2206::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.833em 0 0;\n content: \"\\394\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c21D2::before {\n padding: 0.525em 1em 0.024em 0;\n content: \"\\21D2\";\n}\n\nmjx-TeXAtom {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D707.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.603em 0.216em 0;\n content: \"\\3BC\";\n}\n\nmjx-munder {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-over {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-munder:not([limits=\"false\"]) {\n display: inline-table;\n}\n\nmjx-munder > mjx-row {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-under {\n padding-bottom: .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D43C.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.504em 0 0;\n content: \"I\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D448.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.767em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"U\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221E::before {\n padding: 0.442em 1em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\221E\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c49::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.361em 0 0;\n content: \"I\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c52::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.736em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"R\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D70B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.57em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\3C0\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D435.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.759em 0 0;\n content: \"B\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c62::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.556em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"b\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c58::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"X\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c59::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"Y\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D437.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.828em 0 0;\n content: \"D\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3B::before {\n padding: 0.43em 0.278em 0.194em 0;\n content: \";\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5B.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.417em 0.349em 0;\n content: \"[\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5D.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.417em 0.349em 0;\n content: \"]\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c53::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.556em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"S\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D442.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.704em 0.763em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"O\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D438.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.68em 0.764em 0 0;\n content: \"E\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D453.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.55em 0.205em 0;\n content: \"f\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c56::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.75em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"V\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D458.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.521em 0.011em 0;\n 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0.442em 0.556em 0 0;\n content: \"n\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2032::before {\n padding: 0.56em 0.275em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2032\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D706.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.583em 0.012em 0;\n content: \"\\3BB\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D451.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.52em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"d\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D703.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.469em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"\\3B8\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D465.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.572em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"x\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D459.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.298em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"l\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2248::before {\n padding: 0.483em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2248\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.597em 0.649em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.597em 0.649em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45A.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.878em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"m\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cD7::before {\n padding: 0.491em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\D7\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D44E.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.441em 0.529em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"a\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D449.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.769em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"V\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c42::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.708em 0 0;\n content: \"B\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c44::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.764em 0 0;\n content: \"D\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c43::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.722em 0.021em 0;\n content: \"C\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c4D::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.917em 0 0;\n content: \"M\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D443.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.751em 0 0;\n content: \"P\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45D.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.503em 0.194em 0;\n content: \"p\";\n}\n\nmjx-mtable {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: center;\n vertical-align: .25em;\n position: relative;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n border-spacing: 0;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n}\n\nmjx-mstyle[size=\"s\"] mjx-mtable {\n vertical-align: .354em;\n}\n\nmjx-labels {\n position: absolute;\n left: 0;\n top: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-table {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: -.5ex;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-table > mjx-itable {\n vertical-align: middle;\n text-align: left;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-labels > mjx-itable {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"left\"][side=\"left\"] {\n padding-right: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"left\"][side=\"right\"] {\n padding-left: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"right\"][side=\"left\"] {\n padding-right: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"right\"][side=\"right\"] {\n padding-left: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[align] {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[align=\"top\"] > mjx-table {\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[align=\"bottom\"] > mjx-table {\n vertical-align: bottom;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[side=\"right\"] mjx-labels {\n min-width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr {\n display: table-row;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"top\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"center\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: middle;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"bottom\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: bottom;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"baseline\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"axis\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: .25em;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd {\n display: table-cell;\n text-align: center;\n padding: .215em .4em;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd:first-child {\n padding-left: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd:last-child {\n padding-right: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable > * > mjx-itable > *:first-child > mjx-mtd {\n padding-top: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable > * > mjx-itable > *:last-child > mjx-mtd {\n padding-bottom: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-tstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: 1em;\n vertical-align: -.25em;\n}\n\nmjx-labels[align=\"left\"] > mjx-mtr > mjx-mtd {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-labels[align=\"right\"] > mjx-mtr > mjx-mtd {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[extra] {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"top\"] {\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"center\"] {\n vertical-align: middle;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"bottom\"] {\n vertical-align: bottom;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"baseline\"] {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"axis\"] {\n vertical-align: .25em;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.6em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"n\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c37::before {\n padding: 0.676em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"7\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c22C5::before {\n padding: 0.31em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"\\22C5\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.389em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.389em 0.25em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-msup {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-frac {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: 0.17em;\n padding: 0 .22em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[type=\"d\"] {\n vertical-align: .04em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[delims] {\n padding: 0 .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[atop] {\n padding: 0 .12em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[atop][delims] {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-dtable {\n display: inline-table;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-dtable > * {\n font-size: 2000%;\n}\n\nmjx-dbox {\n display: block;\n font-size: 5%;\n}\n\nmjx-num {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\nmjx-den {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac[bevelled] > mjx-num {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac[bevelled] > mjx-den {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-den[align=\"right\"], mjx-num[align=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-den[align=\"left\"], mjx-num[align=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-nstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: .054em;\n width: 0;\n vertical-align: -.054em;\n}\n\nmjx-nstrut[type=\"d\"] {\n height: .217em;\n vertical-align: -.217em;\n}\n\nmjx-dstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: .505em;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-dstrut[type=\"d\"] {\n height: .726em;\n}\n\nmjx-line {\n display: block;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n min-height: 1px;\n height: .06em;\n border-top: .06em solid;\n margin: .06em -.1em;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\nmjx-line[type=\"d\"] {\n margin: .18em -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c48::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"H\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2212::before {\n padding: 0.583em 0.778em 0.082em 0;\n content: \"\\2212\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6C::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"l\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c67::before {\n padding: 0.453em 0.5em 0.206em 0;\n content: \"g\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5B::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"[\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D43B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.888em 0 0;\n content: \"H\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5D::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"]\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5B.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.472em 0.649em 0;\n content: \"[\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5D.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.472em 0.649em 0;\n content: \"]\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.458em 0.349em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.458em 0.349em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D6FC.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.64em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\3B1\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D6FD.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.566em 0.194em 0;\n content: \"\\3B2\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D6FE.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.441em 0.543em 0.216em 0;\n content: \"\\3B3\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cA0::before {\n padding: 0 0.25em 0 0;\n content: \"\\A0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c38::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"8\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c30::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cB0::before {\n padding: 0.715em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"\\B0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7C::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.249em 0;\n content: \"|\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3A::before {\n padding: 0.43em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \":\";\n}\n\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"] {\n line-height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"1\"] {\n margin-left: .111em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"2\"] {\n margin-left: .167em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"3\"] {\n margin-left: .222em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"4\"] {\n margin-left: .278em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"5\"] {\n margin-left: .333em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"1\"] {\n margin-right: .111em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"2\"] {\n margin-right: .167em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"3\"] {\n margin-right: .222em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"4\"] {\n margin-right: .278em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"5\"] {\n margin-right: .333em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"s\"] {\n font-size: 70.7%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"ss\"] {\n font-size: 50%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"Tn\"] {\n font-size: 60%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"sm\"] {\n font-size: 85%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"lg\"] {\n font-size: 120%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"Lg\"] {\n font-size: 144%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"LG\"] {\n font-size: 173%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"hg\"] {\n font-size: 207%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"HG\"] {\n font-size: 249%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [width=\"full\"] {\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-box {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-block {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-itable {\n display: inline-table;\n}\n\nmjx-row {\n display: table-row;\n}\n\nmjx-row > * {\n display: table-cell;\n}\n\nmjx-mtext {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-mstyle {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-merror {\n display: inline-block;\n color: red;\n background-color: yellow;\n}\n\nmjx-mphantom {\n visibility: hidden;\n}\n\n_::-webkit-full-page-media, _:future, :root mjx-container {\n will-change: opacity;\n}\n\nmjx-math {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n line-height: 0;\n text-indent: 0;\n font-style: normal;\n font-weight: normal;\n font-size: 100%;\n font-size-adjust: none;\n letter-spacing: normal;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n word-wrap: normal;\n word-spacing: normal;\n white-space: nowrap;\n direction: ltr;\n padding: 1px 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"] {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n margin: 1em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"][width=\"full\"] {\n display: flex;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"] mjx-math {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][justify=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][justify=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-semantics {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mrow {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-msub {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mi {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-utext {\n display: inline-block;\n padding: .75em 0 .2em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mo {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h {\n display: inline-table;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * {\n display: table-cell;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * > mjx-c {\n display: inline-block;\n transform: scalex(1.0000001);\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * > mjx-c::before {\n display: inline-block;\n width: initial;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext {\n /* IE */ overflow: hidden;\n /* others */ overflow: clip visible;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext > mjx-c::before {\n transform: scalex(500);\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext > mjx-c {\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-beg > mjx-c {\n margin-right: -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-end > mjx-c {\n margin-left: -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > * {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-beg {\n height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-end > mjx-c {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > * > mjx-c {\n transform: scaley(1.0000001);\n transform-origin: left center;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext {\n display: block;\n height: 100%;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n border: 0px solid transparent;\n /* IE */ overflow: hidden;\n /* others */ overflow: visible clip;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext > mjx-c::before {\n width: initial;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext > mjx-c {\n transform: scaleY(500) translateY(.075em);\n overflow: visible;\n}\n\nmjx-mark {\n display: inline-block;\n height: 0px;\n}\n\nmjx-mn {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c::before {\n display: block;\n width: 0;\n}\n\n.MJX-TEX {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX;\n}\n\n.TEX-B {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-B;\n}\n\n.TEX-I {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-I;\n}\n\n.TEX-MI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-MI;\n}\n\n.TEX-BI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-BI;\n}\n\n.TEX-S1 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S1;\n}\n\n.TEX-S2 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S2;\n}\n\n.TEX-S3 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S3;\n}\n\n.TEX-S4 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S4;\n}\n\n.TEX-A {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-A;\n}\n\n.TEX-C {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-C;\n}\n\n.TEX-CB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-CB;\n}\n\n.TEX-FR {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-FR;\n}\n\n.TEX-FRB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-FRB;\n}\n\n.TEX-SS {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SS;\n}\n\n.TEX-SSB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SSB;\n}\n\n.TEX-SSI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SSI;\n}\n\n.TEX-SC {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SC;\n}\n\n.TEX-T {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-T;\n}\n\n.TEX-V {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-V;\n}\n\n.TEX-VB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-VB;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v mjx-c, mjx-stretchy-h mjx-c {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S1, MJXTEX-S4, MJXTEX, MJXTEX-A ! important;\n}\n\n@font-face /* 0 */ {\n font-family: MJXZERO;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Zero.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 1 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 2 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-B;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 3 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-I;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Math-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 4 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-MI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 5 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-BI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Math-BoldItalic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 6 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S1;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size1-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 7 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S2;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size2-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 8 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S3;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size3-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 9 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S4;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size4-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 10 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-A;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_AMS-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 11 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-C;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Calligraphic-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 12 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-CB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Calligraphic-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 13 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-FR;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Fraktur-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 14 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-FRB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Fraktur-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 15 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SS;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 16 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SSB;\n src: 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