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Biologia na czasie 1. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony to zeszyt ćwiczeń wydawnictwa Nowa Era przeznaczony dla uczniów liceum ogólnokształcącego i technikum na poziomie klasy 1. Publikacja ta stanowi wartościowe wsparcie w nauce biologii, oferując solidne podstawy do nauki na poziomie rozszerzonym, które pozwolą uczniom lepiej przygotować się do egzaminów maturalnych oraz konkursów biologicznych. Po pierwszych stronach publikacji, uczniowie wprowadzani są w świat badań przyrodniczych, gdzie omawiane są metodyki badań biologicznych oraz obserwacje mikroskopowe. Kolejnym istotnym działem są chemiczne podstawy życia, które obejmują tematy takie jak skład chemiczny organizmów, budowa i funkcje sacharydów, lipidów, aminokwasów oraz kwasów nukleinowych. Dzięki tej książce, uczniowie mogą skutecznie przyswajać treści, jakie wymagane są na lekcjach, mając dostęp do licznych zadań maturalnych. Jeśli szukasz odpowiedzi do zeszyt ćwiczeń lub odrobionych zadań do podręcznika Biologia na czasie 1. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony, zapraszamy do odwiedzenia naszej strony. Znajdziesz tam gotowe odpowiedzi, które mogą pomóc w zrozumieniu i przyswojeniu materiału.

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Książka Biologia na czasie 1. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony to niezwykle wartościowy zeszyt ćwiczeń przygotowany przez wydawnictwo Nowa Era. Został stworzony z myślą o uczniach pierwszej klasy liceum i technikum, które kładą nacisk na szczegółowe przygotowanie do egzaminów maturalnych z biologii w zakresie rozszerzonym. Na początku książki znajduje się spis treści, który już na wstępie przyciąga uwagę swoją szczegółowością i starannością.

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Rozpoczynając od działu 'Badania przyrodnicze' znajdziemy w nim tematy kluczowe dla zrozumienia metodologicznych podstaw biologii. Tematy takie jak 'Metodyka badań biologicznych' czy 'Obserwacje mikroskopowe' oferują wprowadzenie do naukowego badania świata przyrody, co stanowi nieocenioną wartość dla każdego ucznia. Kolejnym działem są 'Chemiczne podstawy życia', gdzie uczniowie mają okazję zrozumieć fundamentalne elementy, które tworzą życie. Tematy poruszane w tym dziale, takie jak 'Budowa i funkcje sacharydów' oraz 'Budowa i funkcje lipidów', pozwalają zgłębić tajniki środków odżywczych i ich kluczową rolę w życiu organizmów.

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Następnie książka przechodzi do omówienia 'Komórki jako podstawowej jednostki życia'. Uczniowie dowiedzą się tutaj, jak złożoną strukturą jest komórka oraz jaką pełni funkcję w całości organizmów. Dzięki szczegółowym rozważaniom na temat 'Budowy i funkcji komórki', 'Transportu przez błony biologiczne' oraz niezbędnych organelli komórkowych jak 'Mitochondria i plastydy', młodzi badacze mogą zgłębić sekret życia komórkowego. Dział związany z 'Metabolizmem' rozwija tę wiedzę, wprowadzając w zagadnienia związane z procesami anabolicznymi oraz katabolicznymi. Odkrywanie procesów takich jak 'Fotosynteza' czy 'Oddychanie komórkowe' przedstawia, jak organizmy przetwarzają energię, co jest kluczowe dla ich przetrwania.

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Wszystkie te działy kompletują i uzupełniają treści zawarte w podręczniku Biologia na czasie 1, dzięki czemu uczniowie mogą liczyć na rzetelne wsparcie w nauce trudnych zagadnień. Strona gotowiec.pl oferuje odpowiedzi do zeszyt ćwiczeń, co jest idealną pomocą dla tych, którzy pragną zyskać pewność swoich rozwiązań i zrozumienia materiału. Niezależnie od tego, czy interesują Cię gotowe odpowiedzi do książki Biologia na czasie 1. Maturalne karty pracy zakres rozszerzony czy też potrzebujesz PDF z odpowiedziami, gotowiec.pl stanie się Twoim niezastąpionym wsparciem w drodze do sukcesu na maturze.

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2.1.

\r\n\r\n

Pomiędzy atomami w cząsteczce będącej dipolem elektrycznym występuje wiązanie kowalencyjne spolaryzowane powstaje ono, jeżeli różnica elektroujemności pomiędzy atomami zawiera się w zakresie

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\"[\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5D.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.472em 0.649em 0;\n content: \"]\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D449.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.769em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"V\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2219::before {\n padding: 0.444em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2219\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2032::before {\n padding: 0.56em 0.275em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2032\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45C.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.441em 0.485em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"o\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5B::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"[\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5D::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"]\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cF7::before {\n padding: 0.537em 0.778em 0.036em 0;\n content: \"\\F7\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D464.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.443em 0.716em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"w\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c4B::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"K\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7B.TEX-S3::before {\n padding: 1.45em 0.75em 0.949em 0;\n content: \"{\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7B.TEX-S4::before {\n padding: 1.75em 0.806em 1.249em 0;\n content: \"{\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c79::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.528em 0.204em 0;\n content: \"y\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cD7::before {\n padding: 0.491em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\D7\";\n}\n\nmjx-mroot {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-root {\n display: inline-block;\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n\nmjx-surd {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt {\n display: inline-block;\n padding-top: .07em;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt > mjx-box {\n border-top: .07em solid;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt.mjx-tall > mjx-box {\n padding-left: .3em;\n margin-left: -.3em;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221A.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 1.02em 0.35em 0;\n content: \"\\221A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2220::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.722em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2220\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c47::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.785em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"G\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2206::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.833em 0 0;\n content: \"\\394\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c4F::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.778em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"O\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D706.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.583em 0.012em 0;\n content: \"\\3BB\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D460.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.469em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"s\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3F::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.472em 0 0;\n content: \"?\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D461.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.626em 0.361em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"t\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D44A.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 1.048em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"W\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D434.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D435.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.759em 0 0;\n content: \"B\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D437.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.828em 0 0;\n content: \"D\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D439.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.68em 0.749em 0 0;\n content: \"F\";\n}\n\n\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D459.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.298em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"l\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D457.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.661em 0.412em 0.204em 0;\n content: \"j\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D452.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.466em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"e\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D6FE.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.441em 0.543em 0.216em 0;\n content: \"\\3B3\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2218::before {\n padding: 0.444em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2218\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D40F.TEX-B::before {\n padding: 0.686em 0.786em 0 0;\n content: \"P\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3D.TEX-B::before {\n padding: 0.393em 0.894em 0 0;\n content: \"=\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D41A.TEX-B::before {\n padding: 0.453em 0.559em 0.006em 0;\n content: \"a\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cB7.TEX-B::before {\n padding: 0.336em 0.319em 0 0;\n content: \"\\22C5\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D421.TEX-B::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.639em 0 0;\n content: \"h\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6D::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.833em 0 0;\n content: \"m\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5B.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.417em 0.349em 0;\n content: \"[\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c5D.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.417em 0.349em 0;\n content: \"]\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2248::before {\n padding: 0.483em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2248\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c74::before {\n padding: 0.615em 0.389em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"t\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6C::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"l\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c72::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.392em 0 0;\n content: \"r\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2F::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.5em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"/\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S3::before {\n padding: 1.45em 0.736em 0.949em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S3::before {\n padding: 1.45em 0.736em 0.949em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c21::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"!\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cB0::before {\n padding: 0.715em 0.5em 0 0;\n content: \"\\B0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D43C.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.504em 0 0;\n content: \"I\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c49::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.361em 0 0;\n content: \"I\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2E::before {\n padding: 0.12em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \".\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c41::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c53::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.556em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"S\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c46::before {\n padding: 0.68em 0.653em 0 0;\n content: \"F\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D450.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.433em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"c\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D451.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.52em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"d\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221A.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 1.02em 0.65em 0;\n content: \"\\221A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c42::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.708em 0 0;\n content: \"B\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c45::before {\n padding: 0.68em 0.681em 0 0;\n content: \"E\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D467.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.465em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"z\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c44::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.764em 0 0;\n content: \"D\";\n}\n\nmjx-mover {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mover:not([limits=\"false\"]) {\n padding-top: .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-mover:not([limits=\"false\"]) > * {\n display: block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h.mjx-c2192 mjx-ext mjx-c::before {\n content: \"\\2212\";\n padding: 0.583em 0 0.082em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h.mjx-c2192 mjx-end mjx-c::before {\n content: \"\\2192\";\n padding: 0.583em 0 0.082em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c43::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.722em 0.021em 0;\n content: \"C\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c48::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.75em 0 0;\n content: \"H\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D436.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.76em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"C\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2261::before {\n padding: 0.464em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2261\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D43B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.888em 0 0;\n content: \"H\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D442.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.704em 0.763em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"O\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D44B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.852em 0 0;\n content: \"X\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D43E.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.889em 0 0;\n content: \"K\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2009::before {\n padding: 0 0.167em 0 0;\n content: \"\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D446.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.645em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"S\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2032::before {\n padding: 0.56em 0.275em 0 0;\n content: \"\\2032\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45F.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.451em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"r\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c25A1.TEX-A::before {\n padding: 0.689em 0.778em 0 0;\n content: \"\\25A1\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D453.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.55em 0.205em 0;\n content: \"f\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D466.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.49em 0.205em 0;\n content: \"y\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D458.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.521em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"k\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2223::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.249em 0;\n content: \"\\2223\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c25::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.833em 0.056em 0;\n content: \"%\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7A::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.444em 0 0;\n content: \"z\";\n}\n\nmjx-mpadded {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-rbox {\n display: inline-block;\n position: relative;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n position: relative;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-dstrike {\n display: inline-block;\n left: 0;\n top: 0;\n position: absolute;\n border-top: 0.067em solid;\n transform-origin: top left;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-ustrike {\n display: inline-block;\n left: 0;\n bottom: 0;\n position: absolute;\n border-top: 0.067em solid;\n transform-origin: bottom left;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-hstrike {\n border-top: 0.067em solid;\n position: absolute;\n left: 0;\n right: 0;\n bottom: 50%;\n transform: translateY(0.034em);\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-vstrike {\n border-left: 0.067em solid;\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n bottom: 0;\n right: 50%;\n transform: translateX(0.034em);\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-rbox {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n bottom: 0;\n right: 0;\n left: 0;\n border: 0.067em solid;\n border-radius: 0.267em;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-cbox {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n bottom: 0;\n right: 0;\n left: 0;\n border: 0.067em solid;\n border-radius: 50%;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow {\n position: absolute;\n left: 0;\n bottom: 50%;\n height: 0;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow > * {\n display: block;\n position: absolute;\n transform-origin: bottom;\n border-left: 0.268em solid;\n border-right: 0;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow > mjx-aline {\n left: 0;\n top: -0.034em;\n right: 0.201em;\n height: 0;\n border-top: 0.067em solid;\n border-left: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow[double] > mjx-aline {\n left: 0.201em;\n height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow > mjx-rthead {\n transform: skewX(0.464rad);\n right: 0;\n bottom: -1px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;\n border-top: 0.134em solid transparent;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow > mjx-rbhead {\n transform: skewX(-0.464rad);\n transform-origin: top;\n right: 0;\n top: -1px;\n border-top: 1px solid transparent;\n border-bottom: 0.134em solid transparent;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow > mjx-lthead {\n transform: skewX(-0.464rad);\n left: 0;\n bottom: -1px;\n border-left: 0;\n border-right: 0.268em solid;\n border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;\n border-top: 0.134em solid transparent;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > mjx-arrow > mjx-lbhead {\n transform: skewX(0.464rad);\n transform-origin: top;\n left: 0;\n top: -1px;\n border-left: 0;\n border-right: 0.268em solid;\n border-top: 1px solid transparent;\n border-bottom: 0.134em solid transparent;\n}\n\nmjx-menclose > dbox {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n bottom: 0;\n left: -0.3em;\n width: 0.6em;\n border: 0.067em solid;\n border-radius: 50%;\n clip-path: inset(0 0 0 0.3em);\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.6em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"n\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6B::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.528em 0 0;\n content: \"k\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c64::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.556em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"d\";\n}\n\n\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2192::before {\n padding: 0.511em 1em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\2192\";\n}\n\nmjx-TeXAtom {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c61::before {\n padding: 0.448em 0.5em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"a\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c78::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.528em 0 0;\n content: \"x\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D44F.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.429em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"b\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D44E.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.441em 0.529em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"a\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2260::before {\n padding: 0.716em 0.778em 0.215em 0;\n content: \"\\2260\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D445.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.759em 0.021em 0;\n content: \"R\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7C::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.278em 0.249em 0;\n content: \"|\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D465.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.572em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"x\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c211D.TEX-A::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.722em 0 0;\n content: \"R\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2216::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.5em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"\\2216\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7B::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.5em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"{\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c7D::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.5em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"}\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c37::before {\n padding: 0.676em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"7\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c35::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"5\";\n}\n\nmjx-msub {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D438.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.68em 0.764em 0 0;\n content: \"E\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c70::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.556em 0.194em 0;\n content: \"p\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c67::before {\n padding: 0.453em 0.5em 0.206em 0;\n content: \"g\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-cA0::before {\n padding: 0 0.25em 0 0;\n content: \"\\A0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D45A.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.878em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"m\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D454.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.477em 0.205em 0;\n content: \"g\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c210E.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.694em 0.576em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"h\";\n}\n\nmjx-mtable {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: center;\n vertical-align: .25em;\n position: relative;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n border-spacing: 0;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n}\n\nmjx-mstyle[size=\"s\"] mjx-mtable {\n vertical-align: .354em;\n}\n\nmjx-labels {\n position: absolute;\n left: 0;\n top: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-table {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: -.5ex;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-table > mjx-itable {\n vertical-align: middle;\n text-align: left;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-labels > mjx-itable {\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"left\"][side=\"left\"] {\n padding-right: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"left\"][side=\"right\"] {\n padding-left: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"right\"][side=\"left\"] {\n padding-right: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[justify=\"right\"][side=\"right\"] {\n padding-left: 0 ! important;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[align] {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[align=\"top\"] > mjx-table {\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[align=\"bottom\"] > mjx-table {\n vertical-align: bottom;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable[side=\"right\"] mjx-labels {\n min-width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr {\n display: table-row;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"top\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"center\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: middle;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"bottom\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: bottom;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"baseline\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nmjx-mtr[rowalign=\"axis\"] > mjx-mtd {\n vertical-align: .25em;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd {\n display: table-cell;\n text-align: center;\n padding: .215em .4em;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd:first-child {\n padding-left: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd:last-child {\n padding-right: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable > * > mjx-itable > *:first-child > mjx-mtd {\n padding-top: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtable > * > mjx-itable > *:last-child > mjx-mtd {\n padding-bottom: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-tstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: 1em;\n vertical-align: -.25em;\n}\n\nmjx-labels[align=\"left\"] > mjx-mtr > mjx-mtd {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-labels[align=\"right\"] > mjx-mtr > mjx-mtd {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[extra] {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"top\"] {\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"center\"] {\n vertical-align: middle;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"bottom\"] {\n vertical-align: bottom;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"baseline\"] {\n vertical-align: baseline;\n}\n\nmjx-mtd[rowalign=\"axis\"] {\n vertical-align: .25em;\n}\n\nmjx-mfenced {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mspace {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mtext {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-msqrt {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-root {\n display: inline-block;\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n\nmjx-surd {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: top;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt {\n display: inline-block;\n padding-top: .07em;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt > mjx-box {\n border-top: .07em solid;\n}\n\nmjx-sqrt.mjx-tall > mjx-box {\n padding-left: .3em;\n margin-left: -.3em;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c73::before {\n padding: 0.448em 0.394em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"s\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c69::before {\n padding: 0.669em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"i\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6E::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.556em 0 0;\n content: \"n\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2061::before {\n padding: 0 0 0 0;\n content: \"\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.389em 0.25em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D6FC.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.442em 0.64em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\3B1\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2B::before {\n padding: 0.583em 0.778em 0.082em 0;\n content: \"+\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D6FD.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.705em 0.566em 0.194em 0;\n content: \"\\3B2\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29::before {\n padding: 0.75em 0.389em 0.25em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c22C5::before {\n padding: 0.31em 0.278em 0 0;\n content: \"\\22C5\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c63::before {\n padding: 0.448em 0.444em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"c\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c6F::before {\n padding: 0.448em 0.5em 0.01em 0;\n content: \"o\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2212::before {\n padding: 0.583em 0.778em 0.082em 0;\n content: \"\\2212\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2208::before {\n padding: 0.54em 0.667em 0.04em 0;\n content: \"\\2208\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.458em 0.349em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D70B.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.431em 0.57em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"\\3C0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2C::before {\n padding: 0.121em 0.278em 0.194em 0;\n content: \",\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S1::before {\n padding: 0.85em 0.458em 0.349em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3C::before {\n padding: 0.54em 0.778em 0.04em 0;\n content: \"<\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c30::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"0\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c3E::before {\n padding: 0.54em 0.778em 0.04em 0;\n content: \">\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c39::before {\n padding: 0.666em 0.5em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"9\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c2227::before {\n padding: 0.598em 0.667em 0.022em 0;\n content: \"\\2227\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c221A::before {\n padding: 0.8em 0.853em 0.2em 0;\n content: \"\\221A\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c28.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.597em 0.649em 0;\n content: \"(\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c29.TEX-S2::before {\n padding: 1.15em 0.597em 0.649em 0;\n content: \")\";\n}\n\nmjx-mi {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-msup {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D443.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.683em 0.751em 0 0;\n content: \"P\";\n}\n\nmjx-c.mjx-c1D463.TEX-I::before {\n padding: 0.443em 0.485em 0.011em 0;\n content: \"v\";\n}\n\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"] {\n line-height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"1\"] {\n margin-left: .111em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"2\"] {\n margin-left: .167em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"3\"] {\n margin-left: .222em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"4\"] {\n margin-left: .278em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [space=\"5\"] {\n margin-left: .333em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"1\"] {\n margin-right: .111em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"2\"] {\n margin-right: .167em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"3\"] {\n margin-right: .222em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"4\"] {\n margin-right: .278em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [rspace=\"5\"] {\n margin-right: .333em;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"s\"] {\n font-size: 70.7%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"ss\"] {\n font-size: 50%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"Tn\"] {\n font-size: 60%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"sm\"] {\n font-size: 85%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"lg\"] {\n font-size: 120%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"Lg\"] {\n font-size: 144%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"LG\"] {\n font-size: 173%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"hg\"] {\n font-size: 207%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [size=\"HG\"] {\n font-size: 249%;\n}\n\nmjx-container [width=\"full\"] {\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-box {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-block {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-itable {\n display: inline-table;\n}\n\nmjx-row {\n display: table-row;\n}\n\nmjx-row > * {\n display: table-cell;\n}\n\nmjx-mtext {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-mstyle {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-merror {\n display: inline-block;\n color: red;\n background-color: yellow;\n}\n\nmjx-mphantom {\n visibility: hidden;\n}\n\n_::-webkit-full-page-media, _:future, :root mjx-container {\n will-change: opacity;\n}\n\nmjx-math {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n line-height: 0;\n text-indent: 0;\n font-style: normal;\n font-weight: normal;\n font-size: 100%;\n font-size-adjust: none;\n letter-spacing: normal;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n word-wrap: normal;\n word-spacing: normal;\n white-space: nowrap;\n direction: ltr;\n padding: 1px 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"] {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n margin: 1em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"][width=\"full\"] {\n display: flex;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][display=\"true\"] mjx-math {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][justify=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-container[jax=\"CHTML\"][justify=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-semantics {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mn {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-c {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-utext {\n display: inline-block;\n padding: .75em 0 .2em 0;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-frac {\n display: inline-block;\n vertical-align: 0.17em;\n padding: 0 .22em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[type=\"d\"] {\n vertical-align: .04em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[delims] {\n padding: 0 .1em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[atop] {\n padding: 0 .12em;\n}\n\nmjx-frac[atop][delims] {\n padding: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-dtable {\n display: inline-table;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-dtable > * {\n font-size: 2000%;\n}\n\nmjx-dbox {\n display: block;\n font-size: 5%;\n}\n\nmjx-num {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\nmjx-den {\n display: block;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac[bevelled] > mjx-num {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-mfrac[bevelled] > mjx-den {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-den[align=\"right\"], mjx-num[align=\"right\"] {\n text-align: right;\n}\n\nmjx-den[align=\"left\"], mjx-num[align=\"left\"] {\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-nstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: .054em;\n width: 0;\n vertical-align: -.054em;\n}\n\nmjx-nstrut[type=\"d\"] {\n height: .217em;\n vertical-align: -.217em;\n}\n\nmjx-dstrut {\n display: inline-block;\n height: .505em;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-dstrut[type=\"d\"] {\n height: .726em;\n}\n\nmjx-line {\n display: block;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n min-height: 1px;\n height: .06em;\n border-top: .06em solid;\n margin: .06em -.1em;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\nmjx-line[type=\"d\"] {\n margin: .18em -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-mrow {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-mo {\n display: inline-block;\n text-align: left;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h {\n display: inline-table;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * {\n display: table-cell;\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * > mjx-c {\n display: inline-block;\n transform: scalex(1.0000001);\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > * > mjx-c::before {\n display: inline-block;\n width: initial;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext {\n /* IE */ overflow: hidden;\n /* others */ overflow: clip visible;\n width: 100%;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext > mjx-c::before {\n transform: scalex(500);\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-ext > mjx-c {\n width: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-beg > mjx-c {\n margin-right: -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-h > mjx-end > mjx-c {\n margin-left: -.1em;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v {\n display: inline-block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > * {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-beg {\n height: 0;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-end > mjx-c {\n display: block;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > * > mjx-c {\n transform: scaley(1.0000001);\n transform-origin: left center;\n overflow: hidden;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext {\n display: block;\n height: 100%;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n border: 0px solid transparent;\n /* IE */ overflow: hidden;\n /* others */ overflow: visible clip;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext > mjx-c::before {\n width: initial;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v > mjx-ext > mjx-c {\n transform: scaleY(500) translateY(.075em);\n overflow: visible;\n}\n\nmjx-mark {\n display: inline-block;\n height: 0px;\n}\n\nmjx-c::before {\n display: block;\n width: 0;\n}\n\n.MJX-TEX {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX;\n}\n\n.TEX-B {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-B;\n}\n\n.TEX-I {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-I;\n}\n\n.TEX-MI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-MI;\n}\n\n.TEX-BI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-BI;\n}\n\n.TEX-S1 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S1;\n}\n\n.TEX-S2 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S2;\n}\n\n.TEX-S3 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S3;\n}\n\n.TEX-S4 {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S4;\n}\n\n.TEX-A {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-A;\n}\n\n.TEX-C {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-C;\n}\n\n.TEX-CB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-CB;\n}\n\n.TEX-FR {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-FR;\n}\n\n.TEX-FRB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-FRB;\n}\n\n.TEX-SS {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SS;\n}\n\n.TEX-SSB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SSB;\n}\n\n.TEX-SSI {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SSI;\n}\n\n.TEX-SC {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-SC;\n}\n\n.TEX-T {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-T;\n}\n\n.TEX-V {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-V;\n}\n\n.TEX-VB {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-VB;\n}\n\nmjx-stretchy-v mjx-c, mjx-stretchy-h mjx-c {\n font-family: MJXZERO, MJXTEX-S1, MJXTEX-S4, MJXTEX, MJXTEX-A ! important;\n}\n\n@font-face /* 0 */ {\n font-family: MJXZERO;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Zero.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 1 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 2 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-B;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 3 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-I;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Math-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 4 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-MI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Main-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 5 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-BI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Math-BoldItalic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 6 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S1;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size1-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 7 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S2;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size2-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 8 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S3;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size3-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 9 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-S4;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Size4-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 10 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-A;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_AMS-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 11 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-C;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Calligraphic-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 12 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-CB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Calligraphic-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 13 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-FR;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Fraktur-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 14 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-FRB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Fraktur-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 15 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SS;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 16 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SSB;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Bold.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 17 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SSI;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_SansSerif-Italic.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 18 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-SC;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Script-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 19 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-T;\n src: url(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Typewriter-Regular.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n}\n\n@font-face /* 20 */ {\n font-family: MJXTEX-V;\n src: 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